The Open European Journal of Social Science and Education (OEJSSE)
The Open European Journal of Social Science and Education (OEJSSE) (E-ISSN: 3062-3456) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access online journal that publishes four issues a year and started its publication life in 2025. OEJSSE provides an open-access mode of publication to the authors and publishes almost all types of write-ups like research articles, reviews, case reports, case studies, commentaries, short communication, book reviews, editorials, etc. YAYIMCI BİLGİLERİ (Publisher information) Yayımcı Adı: İKSAD GLOBAL YAYINCILIK Yayınlayan Kuruluş: İKSAD GLOBAL YAYINCILIK İmtiyaz Sahibinin Adı-Soyadı: MUSTAFA LATİF EMEK Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü: ETHEM İLHAN ŞAHİN Editör: Dr. Reham Ershaid Sami NUSAIR
Legal and Political Transformations in Libya in Light of International Law and International Relations: An Analytical Study of Sovereignty, Intervention, Migration, and Corruption
This study aims to analyze the legal and political transformations in Libya in light of international law and international relations, with particular emphasis on issues of sovereignty, international intervention, irregular migration, and institutional corruption. The study is based on the central hypothesis that the Libyan crisis after 2011 can no longer be regarded merely as a domestic political crisis. Rather, it has evolved into a complex situation in which legal, political, security, and international factors intersect, thereby affecting the Libyan state’s ability to exercise its sovereignty, build effective institutions, and achieve stability. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical method, the legal-analytical method, and the case study approach, while making limited use of the comparative method where necessary. It also draws on an integrated theoretical framework combining realism, liberalism, and constructivism, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the interaction among power and interests, international institutions, identity, and legitimacy in the Libyan context. A separate section is devoted to analyzing United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Libya, as they constitute one of the most significant approaches to understanding the impact of international law on the course of the Libyan crisis. The study concludes that Libyan sovereignty continues to exist from a legal perspective; however, it has been significantly weakened in practice due to political division, the multiplicity of centers of power, institutional fragility, and the intervention of external actors. The findings further demonstrate that irregular migration and institutional corruption are not merely two separate phenomena. Rather, they are direct consequences of state weakness and, at the same time, factors that further complicate the political and legal crisis. The study recommends establishing a consensual constitutional framework, unifying state institutions, strengthening judicial independence, combating corruption, regulating external intervention, and adopting a comprehensive national strategy to address irregular migration based on both security considerations and respect for human rights.
Libya, sovereignty, international law, international relations, international intervention, irregular migration, corruption, United Nations Security Council, state-building.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Agility and Individual-Organizational Fit: A Case Study of the Palestinian Ministry of Health - Gaza Strip
This study aimed to examine the influence of transformational leadership on organizational agility and the alignment between individuals and their organization within the Palestinian Ministry of Health. A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, utilizing a simple random sampling method to gather data from a sample of 205 administrative staff members working in the Ministry's offices located in the southern governorates of the Gaza Strip .The research findings revealed that transformational leadership significantly impacts both organizational agility and individual-organization fit. Accordingly, the research recommends increasing the awareness of transformational leadership importance to achieve the ministry's future vision.
The Impact of Tax Revenues on Gross Domestic Product in Sudan during the Period 2000–2022
هدفت الدراسة إلى معرفة أثر الإيرادات الضريبية على الناتج المحلي الإجمالي خلال الفترة من 2000-2022م و معرفة إسهام الإيرادات الضريبية في التغيرات التي تحدث في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في السودان تمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في أهم الآثار التي تحدثها سياسة الإيرادات الضريبية على الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في السودان ، استخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لبيان تطور الإيرادات الضريبية و الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في السودان ثم تم اعتماد المنهج التحليلي الكمي القائم علي استخدام الأساليب القياسية في بناء نموذج قياسي يفسر أثر الإيرادات الضريبية في الناتج المحلي في السودان ، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج أهمها إن الزيادة في الإيرادات الضريبية بوحدة واحدة أدت زيادة الناتج المحلي الإجمالي بقيمة (182.7308). وُجود علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين الإيرادات الضريبية والناتج المحلي الإجمالي من خلال فترة الدراسة .
Nations in the Holy Qur’an: An Analytical Study of Their Concept and the Divine Laws Governing Their Rise and Fall
This study examines the concept of nations (Ummah) in the Holy Qur’an as one of the fundamental Qur’anic concepts related to understanding the nature and development of human societies. The research aims to clarify the linguistic and terminological meanings of the term “Ummah” in the Qur’an and to analyze the various contexts in which it appears. It also highlights related terms used in the Qur’anic discourse, such as people, tribes, and generations. In addition, the study discusses the different types of nations mentioned in the Qur’an, whether in relation to the call to faith and response to it, or in terms of different creations such as humans, jinn, and other living beings. Furthermore, the research explores the main factors that contribute to the rise and empowerment of nations, including faith, justice, and unity, as well as the causes that lead to their decline and destruction, such as disbelief, injustice, and division. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach by examining relevant Qur’anic verses and analyzing their meanings with reference to classical interpretations and linguistic sources. The importance of this research lies in highlighting the comprehensive Qur’anic perspective on the development of nations and the divine laws governing the rise and fall of civilizations throughout history.
Parents’ Mental Health as a Predictor of Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
This descriptive-analytical study aims to explore the concept of parents’ mental health, the factors that promote it, and the obstacles that may hinder its achievement. It also examines the nature of children’s emotional and behavioral disorders and seeks to understand the theoretical relationship between parents’ mental health and the emotional and behavioral development of their children. In addition, the study aims to identify the mechanisms of psychological influence within the family, understand family interaction dynamics as an integrated system, and explore ways of maintaining parents’ mental health as a preventive means to reduce children’s exposure to psychological and behavioral disorders. The results indicate that parents’ mental health is characterized by overall psychological adjustment, personal and social satisfaction and happiness, and the ability to cope effectively with the demands of daily life, along with personality cohesion and behavioral stability. This is positively reflected in the family environment and in parents’ ability to provide balanced psychological support to their children. The findings also confirm a direct relationship between the family climate and children’s mental health, as families characterized by emotional warmth, clear role distribution, effective family regulation, and cooperation provide a supportive environment that reduces the likelihood of emotional and behavioral problems in children. The study further shows that children’s disorders are often a reflection of an unhealthy family climate or a disturbance in family interaction dynamics, including marital conflicts, domestic violence, and emotional neglect. These factors increase the likelihood of problems such as aggression, anxiety, and impulsivity, with variations in impact according to gender and age group. The study also reviewed recent scientific literature to emphasize the role of parental psychological stress, depression, anxiety, and personality disorders in increasing the probability of emotional and behavioral disorders in children. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting educational, counseling, familial, and community-based programs to enhance parents’ mental health. These include providing psychological support, developing coping skills, early intervention for children showing signs of disorders, and promoting social policies to reduce family stressors. The study also recommends conducting future research on the psychological and emotional mechanisms transmitted within the family and linking them to psychological and educational theories such as Family Systems Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Transgenerational Transmission Theory, in order to provide a deeper understanding of the impact of parents’ mental health on children’s emotional and behavioral development.
Jurisprudential discourse: between the necessity of understanding and the horizons of interpretation
The discourse of Islamic jurisprudence (al-Fiqhī Discourse) is characterized by evolution and renewal. This is encapsulated in the ancient adage that it is one of the sciences that has "matured but not been burnt" (نضجت ولم تحترق). This "maturity" signifies the multiplicity of intellectual paths (masālik) adopted by jurists (fuqahā’) as they transitioned from one phase to another in their comprehension of the sacred text (al-Naṣṣ) and their efforts (ijtihād) to interpret its intended meaning based on individual understanding. The condition of "not being burnt" reflects the diverse and simultaneous variety (ta‘addud wa tanawwu‘) inherent in these jurisprudential efforts and interpretations (fuhūm). Consequently, it is imperative that the Fiqhī discourse continues its evolutionary trajectory, drawing strength from this inherent diversity and variety. This opens the door for hermeneutic interpretation (al-ta’wīl) within this fertile domain, which continually accommodates the requirements of life (muṭallabāt al-ḥayāh) from one era to the next and responds to contemporary developments (mustajaddāt al-‘aṣr). If the Fiqhī discourse were to lose the advantage of interpretive consideration (al-naẓar) and interpretation based on ever-changing circumstances and situations, it would consequently fall behind in keeping pace with both religion (al-Dīn) and life. However, we must ask: Which text are we discussing? Which interpretation do we mean? The first answer directs us toward the Sacred Texts (al-Nuṣūṣ al-Shar‘iyyah) and the discourses that adapt and conform to societal renewal. There are immutable constants (thawābit) that serve as the foundations upon which the edifice is built, and there are branching subsidiaries (furū‘ mutashabbi‘ah) that navigate people's lives and address their needs. This adaptability can only be achieved through sound comprehension via positive interpretation that aligns with civilization (ḥaḍārah), guarantees the continuity of the law of development (sunnat al-taṭawwur), and keeps abreast of new realities, thereby preventing religion from becoming a cause for societal backwardness. The guarantor of this alignment is the jurisprudential renewal (al-tajdīd al-Fiqhī) founded upon sound interpretation and the recognition of the necessary stages of development. This renewal represents a crucial stage in the re-reading and re-comprehension of religious discourse. It necessitates deep consideration of various intellectual trends and their divergent conceptual loads (ḥumūlāt mutabāyinah), and their reformulation to suit the immediate, factual reality of people's lives. This allows individuals to find their path and live their lives in the discourse's embrace. Furthermore, grappling with the problematic of the discourse’s significance (ishkāliyyat dalālat al-khiṭāb) requires confronting its historical, cultural, and social ramifications (ifrāzāt). This is essential to break free from the cycle of unquestioning reverence or degradation-a cycle based on tradition and following (taqlīd wa ittibā‘) rather than on profound understanding and intellectual expansion (fahm wa ittisa‘). The aim is to fully realize the inherent scientific and civilizational dimensions of the discourse, which are necessarily intended by religion. This process establishes the correct approach to interpretation that elevates the discourse without monopolizing it, and deconstructs it without sealing its avenues. Within this framework, our current paper seeks to highlight the critical importance of understanding religious discourse and its sound interpretation in a renewal-oriented context. This renewal enables the discourse to keep pace with life and the demands and developments of the contemporary era-a necessary endeavor if society is to align with the law of evolution and renewal evident in all facets of modern life
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The importance of rhetoric in deriving legal rulings according to Islamic jurists
This study examines the importance of rhetoric (Arabic balāghah) in deriving legal rulings according to Islamic jurists, considering it a fundamental tool for understanding the semantic and contextual dimensions of Qur’anic and Prophetic texts. Juristic reasoning cannot be properly achieved without a deep awareness of rhetorical devices that reveal subtle meanings and clarify the objectives of legal discourse. The research highlights the close relationship between jurisprudence and rhetoric by reviewing classical scholarly perspectives on the role of rhetoric within Islamic sciences and by demonstrating its influence on interpreting linguistic indications, expressions, and structures. Employing a descriptive and analytical methodology, the study also presents applied juristic examples that illustrate how differences in legal rulings often stem from divergent rhetorical interpretations of texts, particularly concerning literal and metaphorical meanings, particles of speech, and contextual structure. The study concludes that rhetoric is not merely a supplementary discipline for jurists, but a methodological and legal necessity for sound interpretation, disciplined ijtihād, and the realization of the objectives of Islamic law.
Civil liability for doctor's error according to Libyan legislation
This study addressed the issue of civil liability arising from physician error according to Libyan legislation, as it is one of the most important legal issues directly related to the human right to physical integrity, and the resulting mutual obligations and rights between the patient and the physician. It has become established that the medical profession is not based on the physician's obligation to achieve a specific result as a guarantee of recovery Rather, it is based on his commitment to exercising vigilant and sincere care consistent with established scientific principles in his practice of the profession. Therefore, medical error and the resulting harm constitute the basis for civil accountability of the physician. However, the nature of this liability remains a matter of jurisprudential and judicial disagreement between those who consider it a contractual liability, as it is linked to the treatment contract between the patient and the physician, and those who consider it a tort liability in cases where such a contract is not concluded. The study concluded that a physician's civil liability is based solely on three basic pillars: medical error, which is any breach of professional rules or deviation from established scientific principles; harm, which may be material, such as treatment costs and loss of earning capacity; or moral, such as psychological pain, disability, and physical deformities; and finally, a causal relationship, which requires a direct link between the error committed and the subsequent harm to the patient. The Libyan legislator has adopted a mixed standard for assessing error, combining a personal standard that takes into account the doctor's circumstances and personal capabilities, and an objective standard that measures his behavior according to the doctor's usual behavior, which makes it more appropriate from a practical standpoint. The study also showed that the effects of civil liability are divided into two main aspects: a disciplinary aspect represented by the penalties that may be imposed by the Doctors Syndicate or the competent health authorities, such as warning, deprivation of practicing the profession, or lowering the job grade, and a compensatory aspect represented by reparation for the harm caused to the patient, whether through compensation in kind whenever possible, or monetary compensation, which constitutes the broadest means in this field. The judiciary is entrusted with the authority to estimate compensation with the assistance of medical expertise, provided that the compensation is equivalent to the damage without excess or negligence. The study concluded with a set of results, the most prominent of which is that the doctor's civil liability is predominantly contractual in nature, with tort exceptions in the event of the absence of a contract or the doctor's intervention without prior invitation. She also stressed that the element of error alone is not sufficient to establish responsibility, as it must be linked to damage and the causal relationship. Through this, the study recommended the necessity of spreading legal culture among members of society to enable patients to claim their rights, and including the Medical Liability Law in university courses in law colleges, in addition to calling on the Libyan judiciary to adhere to the mixed standard in determining medical error in line with what the legislator has approved. This study thus constitutes a qualitative addition to the field of medical law, as it establishes an integrated theoretical and practical framework for defining the civil liability of physicians in Libyan legislation, and contributes to strengthening the balance between protecting patient rights and ensuring the practice of the medical profession within a disciplined legal and ethical framework
The Impact of Digital Transformation of the Tax Accounting System on Reducing Tax Evasion: An Applied Study
The study aimed to examine the impact of the digital transformation of the tax accounting system on reducing tax evasion at the Libyan Tax Authority in Sabratha, by investigating the effect of the taxpayer database, electronic tax returns, and electronic tax audits on enhancing transparency, improving the accuracy of information, and reducing opportunities for manipulation. The study concluded that the integration of the digital database, electronic returns, and electronic audits forms an effective system for increasing tax collection, reducing human intervention — which in turn minimizes opportunities for corruption and errors — and enhancing trust in the system. The study also recommended developing the digital infrastructure, linking databases among government institutions, expanding the scope of electronic returns, and strengthening tax audits through the use of artificial intelligence and big data analytics, along with providing continuous training for employees to improve their efficiency and ensure the optimal use of modern technologies.
The Impact of Using Bank Cards on Consumer Behavior: An Analytical Study on the Customers of Wahda Bank Main Branch in Sirte
This study aimed to determine the extent to which consumers rely on bank cards in their daily transactions and to understand the impact of using bank cards on purchasing decisions and consumer spending behavior. The study employed a descriptive-analytical method using the necessary statistical tests through the statistical program (SPSS). A sample of customers from the main branch of the AL-Wahda Bank in Sirte reached( 50) individual,The study concluded that the effects of using bank cards on the behavior of bank customers and consumers in general provide numerous services. The bank card facilitates the payment process at shops and stores in daily transactions, and it enables the execution of many unlimited financial transactions at a lower cost. One of the most important uses of bank cards is that they enhance the fulfillment of the most important consumer demands and desires by opening up payment, withdrawal, and transfer options at all times, resulting from the presence of fees and commissions that are considered simple or nominal. This increases their usage and, in turn, increases the availability of cash liquidity due to reliance on digital transfers when making payments, as a result of the facilities available for payments, their use by commercial establishments has increased, and the distribution of payment points has contributed to reducing the time required for payment and money transfer procedures, thereby increasing the number of users. Additionally, the use of cards has contributed to changing the spending pattern of bank customers from cash transactions to electronic transactions.
The Role of Specialized Electronic Journalism in Influencing Public Opinion Toward Sports Events
This study examines the role of specialized electronic journalism in influencing public opinion on sports events in Sudan. It is a descriptive and analytical study that employs both survey questionnaires and observation as research tools. The study was conducted on a sample of athletes representing four categories directly related to sports events and activities, covering the period from April 2024 to February 2025. The study reached several key findings, the most important of which is that specialized electronic journalism significantly influences public opinion in Sudan regarding important sports events and activities, such as local, regional, and international competitions, as well as elections within sports clubs and federations. The findings also indicate that opinion articles and editorials have the greatest impact on readers compared to other journalistic genres. Moreover, the study confirms that specialized sports journalism provides comprehensive, professional, and objective coverage of sports events, contributing to raising awareness and enhancing the audience’s sports culture. The study recommends training and equipping specialized sports journalists with the necessary tools and resources to perform their tasks effectively. It also suggests supporting specialized electronic journalism to offer diverse sports content and remain competitive in the market.
The Extent of Balanced Scorecard Application as a Modern Managerial Approach in Performance Evaluation Case Study: North Africa Bank – Tarhuna Branch
This study aims to identify the extent of applying the Balanced Scorecard in performance evaluation from the perspective of the employees of North Africa Bank, Tarhuna Branch. To achieve this objective, the researchers adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire consisting of 28 items distributed across four dimensions: (financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth). For the purpose of data collection—and after verifying its validity and reliability—the questionnaire was administered to a sample of 30 bank employees. The study reached the following conclusions: the bank relies on net operating cash flows as performance indicators in the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard. Moreover, the bank places significant emphasis on internal operational procedures.
Education and Social Mobility: Assessing the Impact of Educational Reforms on Economic Inequality
This paper examines the relationship between educational reforms and economic inequality, analyzing whether reforms aimed at increasing access to education have effectively promoted social mobility. Drawing on both quantitative data and qualitative case studies from countries such as Finland, the United States, Brazil, and South Korea, this research highlights the limitations and successes of various educational policies. The findings suggest that while expanding access to education is essential, addressing the quality of education, equitable funding, and broader social and economic factors is critical for reducing inequality. Countries like Finland, which prioritize equity and quality in their education systems, have achieved significant reductions in income inequality, whereas countries with more stratified systems, such as the U.S. and Brazil, continue to struggle with persistent disparities. The study concludes that comprehensive reforms, integrated with social welfare policies, are necessary to create an education system that fosters genuine social mobility.
Social Justice and Economic Policy: Analyzing the Interplay Between Welfare and Market Forces
This paper explores the complex relationship between welfare policies and market forces, analyzing how different countries balance economic growth with social justice. Scandinavian countries provide examples of successful integration between welfare systems and market-driven economies, achieving income equality and high standards of living through universal services and progressive taxation. In contrast, the United States emphasizes market efficiency, resulting in significant income inequality and limited access to essential services such as healthcare. Emerging economies like China and India face unique challenges as they attempt to implement welfare reforms alongside rapid economic growth. The paper offers policy recommendations, including progressive taxation, universal healthcare, and job training programs, to reduce inequality and foster sustainable growth. Additionally, reforms aimed at making welfare systems more efficient and adaptable to global market pressures are discussed. The overall conclusion is that a balanced approach, blending economic efficiency with social justice, is essential for creating inclusive and prosperous societies.
Assessing the Effectiveness of E-Learning in Higher Education
This meta-analysis examines the effectiveness of e-learning in higher education, comparing it to traditional classroom instruction and identifying factors that influence its success. The study synthesized data from 75 research articles published between 2010 and 2023, revealing that e-learning, on average, has a moderate positive impact on student academic performance, with an overall effect size of 0.65 (Cohen's d). Subgroup analyses indicated that e-learning is particularly effective for theory-based subjects and at the graduate level, while practical disciplines and undergraduate students benefit more from blended approaches. Key factors influencing e-learning effectiveness include technological tools, instructional design, student motivation, content quality, and instructor presence. While e-learning offers flexibility and accessibility, its success depends on the thoughtful integration of interactive elements and instructor engagement. The study also acknowledges limitations, such as publication bias and study heterogeneity, and suggests areas for future research, including the exploration of emerging technologies and long-term impacts. These findings offer valuable insights for educators, institutions, and policymakers aiming to optimize e-learning in higher education.
The Role of Virtual Reality in E-Learning Transforming Educational Experiences
Virtual Reality (VR) is revolutionizing e-learning by offering immersive and interactive experiences that go beyond traditional teaching methods. This paper explores how VR technology transforms educational experiences by enhancing engagement, motivation, and skill development. It examines the role of VR in creating personalized and collaborative learning environments, making education more accessible and effective. Despite the challenges such as high costs and technical limitations, VR holds great potential in shaping the future of education, offering practical, hands-on experiences across various fields. By analyzing case studies and future trends, this study provides a comprehensive overview of VR's impact on e-learning, demonstrating its potential as a transformative tool.
Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing E-Learning in Developing Countries
This research paper explores the challenges and opportunities of implementing e-learning in developing countries. E-learning has the potential to revolutionize education by providing greater access to quality learning, enhancing teacher training, promoting lifelong learning, and facilitating international collaboration. However, its adoption in developing countries faces significant barriers, including inadequate infrastructure, financial constraints, limited digital literacy, and cultural resistance. Through a comprehensive analysis, this paper identifies these challenges and discusses the opportunities that e-learning presents. It also offers practical recommendations for addressing these barriers, emphasizing the need for collaboration between governments, educational institutions, private sector partners, and international organizations. By overcoming these challenges, e-learning can become a transformative tool for creating an inclusive, equitable, and adaptable education system in developing countries, contributing to sustainable development and educational empowerment.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0