Design and Implementation of an Adaptive Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System with Dynamic Threshold Optimization for Enhanced Energy Harvesting

Abstract

This study presents the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of a low-cost, adaptive dual-axis solar tracking system. The system utilizes an Arduino Uno microcontroller and an array of four Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) to continuously orient a photovoltaic (PV) panel toward the maximum irradiance source. The core innovation lies in an adaptive control algorithm that dynamically adjusts sensitivity thresholds (tol) and response delays (dtime) based on real-time ambient light levels. This approach mitigates unnecessary actuator oscillations and enhances stability under transient cloud cover or variable illumination, a common limitation in fixed-threshold trackers. Experimental results, conducted over a full diurnal cycle, demonstrate a mean increase in output voltage of 26.5% compared to an equivalent fixed-tilt panel, with a peak performance gain of 30.3% at noon. The system's stepwise servo control and independent axis management further contribute to its mechanical reliability and reduced power consumption. With its emphasis on adaptive logic, cost-effectiveness, and robust performance, this system presents a viable solution for optimizing energy yield in small-scale and educational solar applications.